Don't treat an incoming connection as an attempt to raise the limit.

Detect and close dead Bluetooth connections

See merge request briar/briar!1246

bramble-android/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/AndroidBluetoothPlugin.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.MethodsNotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.ParametersNotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Backoff;
@@ -76,11 +77,12 @@ class AndroidBluetoothPlugin extends BluetoothPlugin<BluetoothServerSocket> {
 	private volatile BluetoothAdapter adapter = null;
 
 	AndroidBluetoothPlugin(BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter,
-			Executor ioExecutor, AndroidExecutor androidExecutor,
-			Context appContext, SecureRandom secureRandom, Clock clock,
-			Backoff backoff, PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency) {
-		super(connectionLimiter, ioExecutor, secureRandom, backoff, callback,
-				maxLatency);
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, Executor ioExecutor,
+			SecureRandom secureRandom, AndroidExecutor androidExecutor,
+			Context appContext, Clock clock, Backoff backoff,
+			PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime) {
+		super(connectionLimiter, timeoutMonitor, ioExecutor, secureRandom,
+				backoff, callback, maxLatency, maxIdleTime);
 		this.androidExecutor = androidExecutor;
 		this.appContext = appContext;
 		this.clock = clock;
@@ -172,9 +174,10 @@ class AndroidBluetoothPlugin extends BluetoothPlugin<BluetoothServerSocket> {
 		return wrapSocket(ss.accept());
 	}
 
-	private DuplexTransportConnection wrapSocket(BluetoothSocket s) {
-		return new AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection(this,
-				connectionLimiter, s);
+	private DuplexTransportConnection wrapSocket(BluetoothSocket s)
+			throws IOException {
+		return new AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection(this, connectionLimiter,
+				timeoutMonitor, s);
 	}
 
 	@Override

bramble-android/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 import android.content.Context;
 
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Backoff;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.BackoffFactory;
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ import static org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.BluetoothConstants.ID;
 public class AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory implements DuplexPluginFactory {
 
 	private static final int MAX_LATENCY = 30 * 1000; // 30 seconds
+	private static final int MAX_IDLE_TIME = 30 * 1000; // 30 seconds
 	private static final int MIN_POLLING_INTERVAL = 60 * 1000; // 1 minute
 	private static final int MAX_POLLING_INTERVAL = 10 * 60 * 1000; // 10 mins
 	private static final double BACKOFF_BASE = 1.2;
@@ -35,18 +37,20 @@ public class AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory implements DuplexPluginFactory {
 	private final SecureRandom secureRandom;
 	private final EventBus eventBus;
 	private final Clock clock;
+	private final TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor;
 	private final BackoffFactory backoffFactory;
 
 	public AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory(Executor ioExecutor,
 			AndroidExecutor androidExecutor, Context appContext,
 			SecureRandom secureRandom, EventBus eventBus, Clock clock,
-			BackoffFactory backoffFactory) {
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, BackoffFactory backoffFactory) {
 		this.ioExecutor = ioExecutor;
 		this.androidExecutor = androidExecutor;
 		this.appContext = appContext;
 		this.secureRandom = secureRandom;
 		this.eventBus = eventBus;
 		this.clock = clock;
+		this.timeoutMonitor = timeoutMonitor;
 		this.backoffFactory = backoffFactory;
 	}
 
@@ -63,12 +67,13 @@ public class AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory implements DuplexPluginFactory {
 	@Override
 	public DuplexPlugin createPlugin(PluginCallback callback) {
 		BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter =
-				new BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl();
+				new BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl(eventBus, clock);
 		Backoff backoff = backoffFactory.createBackoff(MIN_POLLING_INTERVAL,
 				MAX_POLLING_INTERVAL, BACKOFF_BASE);
 		AndroidBluetoothPlugin plugin = new AndroidBluetoothPlugin(
-				connectionLimiter, ioExecutor, androidExecutor, appContext,
-				secureRandom, clock, backoff, callback, MAX_LATENCY);
+				connectionLimiter, timeoutMonitor, ioExecutor, secureRandom,
+				androidExecutor, appContext, clock, backoff,
+				callback, MAX_LATENCY, MAX_IDLE_TIME);
 		eventBus.addListener(plugin);
 		return plugin;
 	}

bramble-android/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 
 import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
 
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Plugin;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.AbstractDuplexTransportConnection;
@@ -17,22 +18,26 @@ import static org.briarproject.bramble.util.AndroidUtils.isValidBluetoothAddress
 class AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection
 		extends AbstractDuplexTransportConnection {
 
-	private final BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionManager;
+	private final BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter;
 	private final BluetoothSocket socket;
+	private final InputStream in;
 
 	AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection(Plugin plugin,
-			BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionManager,
-			BluetoothSocket socket) {
+			BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter,
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, BluetoothSocket socket)
+			throws IOException {
 		super(plugin);
-		this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
+		this.connectionLimiter = connectionLimiter;
 		this.socket = socket;
+		in = timeoutMonitor.createTimeoutInputStream(
+				socket.getInputStream(), plugin.getMaxIdleTime() * 2);
 		String address = socket.getRemoteDevice().getAddress();
 		if (isValidBluetoothAddress(address)) remote.put(PROP_ADDRESS, address);
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
-		return socket.getInputStream();
+	protected InputStream getInputStream() {
+		return in;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -45,7 +50,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothTransportConnection
 		try {
 			socket.close();
 		} finally {
-			connectionManager.connectionClosed(this);
+			connectionLimiter.connectionClosed(this, exception);
 		}
 	}
 }

bramble-api/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/api/io/TimeoutMonitor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.api.io;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+public interface TimeoutMonitor {
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an {@link InputStream} that wraps the given stream and allows
+	 * read timeouts to be detected.
+	 *
+	 * @param timeoutMs The read timeout in milliseconds. Timeouts will be
+	 * detected eventually but are not guaranteed to be detected immediately.
+	 */
+	InputStream createTimeoutInputStream(InputStream in, long timeoutMs);
+}

bramble-api/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/api/sync/SyncSessionFactory.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync;
 
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.contact.ContactId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.transport.StreamWriter;
 
 import java.io.InputStream;
@@ -11,9 +12,9 @@ public interface SyncSessionFactory {
 
 	SyncSession createIncomingSession(ContactId c, InputStream in);
 
-	SyncSession createSimplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, int maxLatency,
-			StreamWriter streamWriter);
+	SyncSession createSimplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, TransportId t,
+			int maxLatency, StreamWriter streamWriter);
 
-	SyncSession createDuplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, int maxLatency,
-			int maxIdleTime, StreamWriter streamWriter);
+	SyncSession createDuplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, TransportId t,
+			int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime, StreamWriter streamWriter);
 }

bramble-api/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/api/sync/event/CloseSyncConnectionsEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.Event;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.Immutable;
+
+/**
+ * An event that is broadcast when all sync connections using a given
+ * transport should be closed.
+ */
+@Immutable
+@NotNullByDefault
+public class CloseSyncConnectionsEvent extends Event {
+
+	private final TransportId transportId;
+
+	public CloseSyncConnectionsEvent(TransportId transportId) {
+		this.transportId = transportId;
+	}
+
+	public TransportId getTransportId() {
+		return transportId;
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/BrambleCoreModule.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.db.DatabaseExecutorModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.db.DatabaseModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.event.EventModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.identity.IdentityModule;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.io.IoModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.keyagreement.KeyAgreementModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.lifecycle.LifecycleModule;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.PluginModule;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ import dagger.Module;
 		DatabaseExecutorModule.class,
 		EventModule.class,
 		IdentityModule.class,
+		IoModule.class,
 		KeyAgreementModule.class,
 		LifecycleModule.class,
 		PluginModule.class,

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/io/IoModule.java

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.io;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
+
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
+
+import dagger.Module;
+import dagger.Provides;
+
+@Module
+public class IoModule {
+
+	@Provides
+	@Singleton
+	TimeoutMonitor provideTimeoutMonitor(TimeoutMonitorImpl timeoutMonitor) {
+		return timeoutMonitor;
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/io/TimeoutInputStream.java

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.io;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
+
+@NotNullByDefault
+class TimeoutInputStream extends InputStream {
+
+	private final Clock clock;
+	private final InputStream in;
+	private final long timeoutMs;
+	private final CloseListener listener;
+	private final Object lock = new Object();
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private long readStartedMs = -1;
+
+	TimeoutInputStream(Clock clock, InputStream in, long timeoutMs,
+			CloseListener listener) {
+		this.clock = clock;
+		this.in = in;
+		this.timeoutMs = timeoutMs;
+		this.listener = listener;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read() throws IOException {
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			readStartedMs = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+		int input = in.read();
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			readStartedMs = -1;
+		}
+		return input;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read(byte[] b) throws IOException {
+		return read(b, 0, b.length);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			readStartedMs = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+		int read = in.read(b, off, len);
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			readStartedMs = -1;
+		}
+		return read;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() throws IOException {
+		try {
+			in.close();
+		} finally {
+			listener.onClose(this);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int available() throws IOException {
+		return in.available();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mark(int readlimit) {
+		in.mark(readlimit);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean markSupported() {
+		return in.markSupported();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void reset() throws IOException {
+		in.reset();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
+		return in.skip(n);
+	}
+
+	boolean hasTimedOut() {
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			return readStartedMs != -1 &&
+					clock.currentTimeMillis() - readStartedMs > timeoutMs;
+		}
+	}
+
+	interface CloseListener {
+
+		void onClose(TimeoutInputStream closed);
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/io/TimeoutMonitorImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.io;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.IoExecutor;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Scheduler;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static java.util.logging.Level.INFO;
+import static java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger;
+import static org.briarproject.bramble.util.LogUtils.logException;
+
+class TimeoutMonitorImpl implements TimeoutMonitor {
+
+	private static final Logger LOG =
+			getLogger(TimeoutMonitorImpl.class.getName());
+
+	private static final long CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = SECONDS.toMillis(10);
+
+	private final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler;
+	private final Executor ioExecutor;
+	private final Clock clock;
+	private final Object lock = new Object();
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private final List<TimeoutInputStream> streams = new ArrayList<>();
+
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private Future<?> task = null;
+
+	@Inject
+	TimeoutMonitorImpl(@Scheduler ScheduledExecutorService scheduler,
+			@IoExecutor Executor ioExecutor, Clock clock) {
+		this.scheduler = scheduler;
+		this.ioExecutor = ioExecutor;
+		this.clock = clock;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public InputStream createTimeoutInputStream(InputStream in,
+			long timeoutMs) {
+		TimeoutInputStream stream = new TimeoutInputStream(clock, in,
+				timeoutMs, this::removeStream);
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			if (streams.isEmpty()) {
+				task = scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(this::checkTimeouts,
+						CHECK_INTERVAL_MS, CHECK_INTERVAL_MS, MILLISECONDS);
+			}
+			streams.add(stream);
+		}
+		return stream;
+	}
+
+	private void removeStream(TimeoutInputStream stream) {
+		Future<?> toCancel = null;
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			if (streams.remove(stream) && streams.isEmpty()) {
+				toCancel = task;
+				task = null;
+			}
+		}
+		if (toCancel != null) toCancel.cancel(false);
+	}
+
+	@Scheduler
+	private void checkTimeouts() {
+		ioExecutor.execute(() -> {
+			List<TimeoutInputStream> snapshot;
+			synchronized (lock) {
+				snapshot = new ArrayList<>(streams);
+			}
+			for (TimeoutInputStream stream : snapshot) {
+				if (stream.hasTimedOut()) {
+					LOG.info("Input stream has timed out");
+					try {
+						stream.close();
+					} catch (IOException e) {
+						logException(LOG, INFO, e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/ConnectionManagerImpl.java

@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ class ConnectionManagerImpl implements ConnectionManager {
 			TransportConnectionWriter w) throws IOException {
 		StreamWriter streamWriter = streamWriterFactory.createStreamWriter(
 				w.getOutputStream(), ctx);
-		ContactId c = requireNonNull(ctx.getContactId());
-		return syncSessionFactory.createSimplexOutgoingSession(c,
+		return syncSessionFactory.createSimplexOutgoingSession(
+				requireNonNull(ctx.getContactId()), ctx.getTransportId(),
 				w.getMaxLatency(), streamWriter);
 	}
 
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ class ConnectionManagerImpl implements ConnectionManager {
 			TransportConnectionWriter w) throws IOException {
 		StreamWriter streamWriter = streamWriterFactory.createStreamWriter(
 				w.getOutputStream(), ctx);
-		ContactId c = requireNonNull(ctx.getContactId());
-		return syncSessionFactory.createDuplexOutgoingSession(c,
+		return syncSessionFactory.createDuplexOutgoingSession(
+				requireNonNull(ctx.getContactId()), ctx.getTransportId(),
 				w.getMaxLatency(), w.getMaxIdleTime(), streamWriter);
 	}
 

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/BluetoothConnectionLimiter.java

@@ -3,9 +3,30 @@ package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexTransportConnection;
 
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.DAYS;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MINUTES;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+
 @NotNullByDefault
 interface BluetoothConnectionLimiter {
 
+	/**
+	 * How long a connection must remain open before it's considered stable.
+	 */
+	long STABILITY_PERIOD_MS = SECONDS.toMillis(90);
+
+	/**
+	 * The minimum interval between attempts to raise the connection limit.
+	 * This is longer than {@link #STABILITY_PERIOD_MS} so we don't start
+	 * another attempt before knowing the outcome of the last one.
+	 */
+	long MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS = MINUTES.toMillis(2);
+
+	/**
+	 * The maximum interval between attempts to raise the connection limit.
+	 */
+	long MAX_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS = DAYS.toMillis(2);
+
 	/**
 	 * Informs the limiter that key agreement has started.
 	 */
@@ -23,12 +44,12 @@ interface BluetoothConnectionLimiter {
 	boolean canOpenContactConnection();
 
 	/**
-	 * Informs the limiter that a contact connection has been opened. The
-	 * limiter may close the new connection if key agreement is in progress.
+	 * Informs the limiter that a contact connection has been opened.
 	 * <p/>
-	 * Returns false if the limiter has closed the new connection.
+	 * Returns true if the connection is allowed.
 	 */
-	boolean contactConnectionOpened(DuplexTransportConnection conn);
+	boolean contactConnectionOpened(DuplexTransportConnection conn,
+			boolean incoming);
 
 	/**
 	 * Informs the limiter that a key agreement connection has been opened.
@@ -37,11 +58,13 @@ interface BluetoothConnectionLimiter {
 
 	/**
 	 * Informs the limiter that the given connection has been closed.
+	 *
+	 * @param exception True if the connection was closed due to an exception.
 	 */
-	void connectionClosed(DuplexTransportConnection conn);
+	void connectionClosed(DuplexTransportConnection conn, boolean exception);
 
 	/**
-	 * Informs the limiter that all connections have been closed.
+	 * Informs the limiter that the Bluetooth adapter has been disabled.
 	 */
-	void allConnectionsClosed();
+	void bluetoothDisabled();
 }

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl.java

@@ -1,46 +1,59 @@
 package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexTransportConnection;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.CloseSyncConnectionsEvent;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
 
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
 
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
 import static java.util.logging.Level.INFO;
-import static java.util.logging.Level.WARNING;
-import static org.briarproject.bramble.util.LogUtils.logException;
+import static java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger;
+import static org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.BluetoothConstants.ID;
 
 @NotNullByDefault
 @ThreadSafe
 class BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl implements BluetoothConnectionLimiter {
 
 	private static final Logger LOG =
-			Logger.getLogger(BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl.class.getName());
+			getLogger(BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl.class.getName());
+
+	private final EventBus eventBus;
+	private final Clock clock;
 
 	private final Object lock = new Object();
-	// The following are locking: lock
-	private final LinkedList<DuplexTransportConnection> connections =
-			new LinkedList<>();
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private final List<ConnectionRecord> connections = new LinkedList<>();
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
 	private boolean keyAgreementInProgress = false;
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private int connectionLimit = 1;
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private long timeOfLastAttempt = 0,
+			attemptInterval = MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS;
+
+	@Inject
+	BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl(EventBus eventBus, Clock clock) {
+		this.eventBus = eventBus;
+		this.clock = clock;
+	}
 
 	@Override
 	public void keyAgreementStarted() {
-		List<DuplexTransportConnection> close;
 		synchronized (lock) {
 			keyAgreementInProgress = true;
-			close = new ArrayList<>(connections);
-			connections.clear();
 		}
-		if (LOG.isLoggable(INFO)) {
-			LOG.info("Key agreement started, closing " + close.size() +
-					" connections");
-		}
-		for (DuplexTransportConnection conn : close) tryToClose(conn);
+		LOG.info("Key agreement started");
+		eventBus.broadcast(new CloseSyncConnectionsEvent(ID));
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -55,62 +68,128 @@ class BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl implements BluetoothConnectionLimiter {
 	public boolean canOpenContactConnection() {
 		synchronized (lock) {
 			if (keyAgreementInProgress) {
-				LOG.info("Can't open contact connection during key agreement");
+				LOG.info("Refusing contact connection during key agreement");
 				return false;
 			} else {
-				LOG.info("Can open contact connection");
-				return true;
+				long now = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+				return isContactConnectionAllowedByLimit(now);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public boolean contactConnectionOpened(DuplexTransportConnection conn) {
-		boolean accept = true;
+	public boolean contactConnectionOpened(DuplexTransportConnection conn,
+			boolean incoming) {
 		synchronized (lock) {
 			if (keyAgreementInProgress) {
 				LOG.info("Refusing contact connection during key agreement");
-				accept = false;
+				return false;
 			} else {
-				LOG.info("Accepting contact connection");
-				connections.add(conn);
+				long now = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+				if (incoming || isContactConnectionAllowedByLimit(now)) {
+					connections.add(new ConnectionRecord(conn, now));
+					if (!incoming && connections.size() > connectionLimit) {
+						LOG.info("Attempting to raise connection limit");
+						timeOfLastAttempt = now;
+					}
+					return true;
+				} else {
+					return false;
+				}
 			}
 		}
-		if (!accept) tryToClose(conn);
-		return accept;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public void keyAgreementConnectionOpened(DuplexTransportConnection conn) {
 		synchronized (lock) {
 			LOG.info("Accepting key agreement connection");
-			connections.add(conn);
-		}
-	}
-
-	private void tryToClose(DuplexTransportConnection conn) {
-		try {
-			conn.getWriter().dispose(false);
-			conn.getReader().dispose(false, false);
-		} catch (IOException e) {
-			logException(LOG, WARNING, e);
+			connections.add(
+					new ConnectionRecord(conn, clock.currentTimeMillis()));
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public void connectionClosed(DuplexTransportConnection conn) {
+	public void connectionClosed(DuplexTransportConnection conn,
+			boolean exception) {
 		synchronized (lock) {
-			connections.remove(conn);
+			Iterator<ConnectionRecord> it = connections.iterator();
+			while (it.hasNext()) {
+				if (it.next().connection == conn) {
+					long now = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+					if (exception) connectionFailed(now);
+					else considerRaisingConnectionLimit(now);
+					it.remove();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
 			if (LOG.isLoggable(INFO))
 				LOG.info("Connection closed, " + connections.size() + " open");
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public void allConnectionsClosed() {
+	public void bluetoothDisabled() {
 		synchronized (lock) {
+			LOG.info("Bluetooth disabled");
+			considerRaisingConnectionLimit(clock.currentTimeMillis());
 			connections.clear();
-			LOG.info("All connections closed");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private boolean isContactConnectionAllowedByLimit(long now) {
+		considerRaisingConnectionLimit(now);
+		if (connections.size() > connectionLimit) {
+			LOG.info("Refusing contact connection, above limit");
+			return false;
+		} else if (connections.size() < connectionLimit) {
+			LOG.info("Allowing contact connection, below limit");
+			return true;
+		} else if (now - timeOfLastAttempt >= attemptInterval) {
+			LOG.info("Allowing contact connection, at limit");
+			return true;
+		} else {
+			LOG.info("Refusing contact connection, at limit");
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private void considerRaisingConnectionLimit(long now) {
+		int stable = 0;
+		for (ConnectionRecord rec : connections) {
+			if (now - rec.timeOpened >= STABILITY_PERIOD_MS) stable++;
+		}
+		if (stable > connectionLimit) {
+			LOG.info("Raising connection limit");
+			connectionLimit = stable;
+			attemptInterval = MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS;
+		}
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(INFO)) {
+			LOG.info(stable + " connections are stable, limit is "
+					+ connectionLimit);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@GuardedBy("lock")
+	private void connectionFailed(long now) {
+		if (connections.size() > connectionLimit &&
+				now - timeOfLastAttempt < STABILITY_PERIOD_MS) {
+			LOG.info("Connection failed above limit, increasing interval");
+			attemptInterval = min(attemptInterval * 2, MAX_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static final class ConnectionRecord {
+
+		private final DuplexTransportConnection connection;
+		private final long timeOpened;
+
+		private ConnectionRecord(DuplexTransportConnection connection,
+				long timeOpened) {
+			this.connection = connection;
+			this.timeOpened = timeOpened;
 		}
 	}
 }

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/BluetoothPlugin.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.Pair;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.data.BdfList;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.Event;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventListener;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.keyagreement.KeyAgreementConnection;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.keyagreement.KeyAgreementListener;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.keyagreement.event.KeyAgreementListeningEvent;
@@ -60,12 +61,13 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 			getLogger(BluetoothPlugin.class.getName());
 
 	final BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter;
+	final TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor;
 
 	private final Executor ioExecutor;
 	private final SecureRandom secureRandom;
 	private final Backoff backoff;
 	private final PluginCallback callback;
-	private final int maxLatency;
+	private final int maxLatency, maxIdleTime;
 	private final AtomicBoolean used = new AtomicBoolean(false);
 
 	private volatile boolean running = false, contactConnections = false;
@@ -105,14 +107,17 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 	abstract DuplexTransportConnection discoverAndConnect(String uuid);
 
 	BluetoothPlugin(BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter,
-			Executor ioExecutor, SecureRandom secureRandom,
-			Backoff backoff, PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency) {
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, Executor ioExecutor,
+			SecureRandom secureRandom, Backoff backoff,
+			PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime) {
 		this.connectionLimiter = connectionLimiter;
+		this.timeoutMonitor = timeoutMonitor;
 		this.ioExecutor = ioExecutor;
 		this.secureRandom = secureRandom;
 		this.backoff = backoff;
 		this.callback = callback;
 		this.maxLatency = maxLatency;
+		this.maxIdleTime = maxIdleTime;
 	}
 
 	void onAdapterEnabled() {
@@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 	void onAdapterDisabled() {
 		LOG.info("Bluetooth disabled");
 		tryToClose(socket);
-		connectionLimiter.allConnectionsClosed();
+		connectionLimiter.bluetoothDisabled();
 		callback.transportDisabled();
 	}
 
@@ -141,8 +146,7 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 
 	@Override
 	public int getMaxIdleTime() {
-		// Bluetooth detects dead connections so we don't need keepalives
-		return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+		return maxIdleTime;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -227,13 +231,26 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 				if (LOG.isLoggable(INFO)) LOG.info(e.toString());
 				return;
 			}
-			backoff.reset();
-			if (connectionLimiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn))
+			LOG.info("Connection received");
+			if (connectionLimiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn, true)) {
+				backoff.reset();
 				callback.handleConnection(conn);
+			} else {
+				tryToClose(conn);
+			}
 			if (!running) return;
 		}
 	}
 
+	private void tryToClose(DuplexTransportConnection conn) {
+		try {
+			conn.getWriter().dispose(false);
+			conn.getReader().dispose(false, false);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logException(LOG, WARNING, e);
+		}
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public void stop() {
 		running = false;
@@ -273,13 +290,10 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 		String uuid = p.get(PROP_UUID);
 		if (isNullOrEmpty(uuid)) return;
 		ioExecutor.execute(() -> {
-			if (!isRunning() || !shouldAllowContactConnections()) return;
-			if (!connectionLimiter.canOpenContactConnection()) return;
 			DuplexTransportConnection d = createConnection(p);
 			if (d != null) {
 				backoff.reset();
-				if (connectionLimiter.contactConnectionOpened(d))
-					h.handleConnection(d);
+				h.handleConnection(d);
 			}
 		});
 	}
@@ -325,8 +339,12 @@ abstract class BluetoothPlugin<SS> implements DuplexPlugin, EventListener {
 		if (isNullOrEmpty(uuid)) return null;
 		DuplexTransportConnection conn = connect(address, uuid);
 		if (conn == null) return null;
-		// TODO: Why don't we reset the backoff here?
-		return connectionLimiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn) ? conn : null;
+		if (connectionLimiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn, false)) {
+			return conn;
+		} else {
+			tryToClose(conn);
+			return null;
+		}
 	}
 
 	@Override

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/sync/DuplexOutgoingSession.java

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventListener;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.IoExecutor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.event.LifecycleEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Ack;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Message;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Offer;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Request;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncRecordWriter;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncSession;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Versions;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.CloseSyncConnectionsEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.GroupVisibilityUpdatedEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.MessageRequestedEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.MessageSharedEvent;
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ class DuplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 	private final EventBus eventBus;
 	private final Clock clock;
 	private final ContactId contactId;
+	private final TransportId transportId;
 	private final int maxLatency, maxIdleTime;
 	private final StreamWriter streamWriter;
 	private final SyncRecordWriter recordWriter;
@@ -86,14 +89,15 @@ class DuplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 	private volatile boolean interrupted = false;
 
 	DuplexOutgoingSession(DatabaseComponent db, Executor dbExecutor,
-			EventBus eventBus, Clock clock, ContactId contactId, int maxLatency,
-			int maxIdleTime, StreamWriter streamWriter,
-			SyncRecordWriter recordWriter) {
+			EventBus eventBus, Clock clock, ContactId contactId,
+			TransportId transportId, int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime,
+			StreamWriter streamWriter, SyncRecordWriter recordWriter) {
 		this.db = db;
 		this.dbExecutor = dbExecutor;
 		this.eventBus = eventBus;
 		this.clock = clock;
 		this.contactId = contactId;
+		this.transportId = transportId;
 		this.maxLatency = maxLatency;
 		this.maxIdleTime = maxIdleTime;
 		this.streamWriter = streamWriter;
@@ -223,6 +227,9 @@ class DuplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 		} else if (e instanceof LifecycleEvent) {
 			LifecycleEvent l = (LifecycleEvent) e;
 			if (l.getLifecycleState() == STOPPING) interrupt();
+		} else if (e instanceof CloseSyncConnectionsEvent) {
+			CloseSyncConnectionsEvent c = (CloseSyncConnectionsEvent) e;
+			if (c.getTransportId().equals(transportId)) interrupt();
 		}
 	}
 

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/sync/SimplexOutgoingSession.java

@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventListener;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.IoExecutor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.event.LifecycleEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Ack;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Message;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncRecordWriter;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncSession;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Versions;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.CloseSyncConnectionsEvent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.transport.StreamWriter;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ class SimplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 	private final Executor dbExecutor;
 	private final EventBus eventBus;
 	private final ContactId contactId;
+	private final TransportId transportId;
 	private final int maxLatency;
 	private final StreamWriter streamWriter;
 	private final SyncRecordWriter recordWriter;
@@ -65,12 +68,14 @@ class SimplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 	private volatile boolean interrupted = false;
 
 	SimplexOutgoingSession(DatabaseComponent db, Executor dbExecutor,
-			EventBus eventBus, ContactId contactId, int maxLatency,
-			StreamWriter streamWriter, SyncRecordWriter recordWriter) {
+			EventBus eventBus, ContactId contactId, TransportId transportId,
+			int maxLatency, StreamWriter streamWriter,
+			SyncRecordWriter recordWriter) {
 		this.db = db;
 		this.dbExecutor = dbExecutor;
 		this.eventBus = eventBus;
 		this.contactId = contactId;
+		this.transportId = transportId;
 		this.maxLatency = maxLatency;
 		this.streamWriter = streamWriter;
 		this.recordWriter = recordWriter;
@@ -123,6 +128,9 @@ class SimplexOutgoingSession implements SyncSession, EventListener {
 		} else if (e instanceof LifecycleEvent) {
 			LifecycleEvent l = (LifecycleEvent) e;
 			if (l.getLifecycleState() == STOPPING) interrupt();
+		} else if (e instanceof CloseSyncConnectionsEvent) {
+			CloseSyncConnectionsEvent c = (CloseSyncConnectionsEvent) e;
+			if (c.getTransportId().equals(transportId)) interrupt();
 		}
 	}
 

bramble-core/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/sync/SyncSessionFactoryImpl.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.db.DatabaseComponent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.db.DatabaseExecutor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncRecordReader;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncRecordReaderFactory;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncRecordWriter;
@@ -53,22 +54,23 @@ class SyncSessionFactoryImpl implements SyncSessionFactory {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public SyncSession createSimplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c,
+	public SyncSession createSimplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, TransportId t,
 			int maxLatency, StreamWriter streamWriter) {
 		OutputStream out = streamWriter.getOutputStream();
 		SyncRecordWriter recordWriter =
 				recordWriterFactory.createRecordWriter(out);
-		return new SimplexOutgoingSession(db, dbExecutor, eventBus, c,
+		return new SimplexOutgoingSession(db, dbExecutor, eventBus, c, t,
 				maxLatency, streamWriter, recordWriter);
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public SyncSession createDuplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c, int maxLatency,
-			int maxIdleTime, StreamWriter streamWriter) {
+	public SyncSession createDuplexOutgoingSession(ContactId c,
+			TransportId t, int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime,
+			StreamWriter streamWriter) {
 		OutputStream out = streamWriter.getOutputStream();
 		SyncRecordWriter recordWriter =
 				recordWriterFactory.createRecordWriter(out);
-		return new DuplexOutgoingSession(db, dbExecutor, eventBus, clock, c,
+		return new DuplexOutgoingSession(db, dbExecutor, eventBus, clock, c, t,
 				maxLatency, maxIdleTime, streamWriter, recordWriter);
 	}
 }

bramble-core/src/test/java/org/briarproject/bramble/io/TimeoutInputStreamTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.io;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.test.BrambleTestCase;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.test.SettableClock;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MINUTES;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public class TimeoutInputStreamTest extends BrambleTestCase {
+
+	private static final long TIMEOUT_MS = MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+
+	private final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+	private AtomicLong time;
+	private UnresponsiveInputStream in;
+	private AtomicBoolean listenerCalled;
+	private TimeoutInputStream stream;
+	private CountDownLatch readReturned;
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+		time = new AtomicLong(now);
+		in = new UnresponsiveInputStream();
+		listenerCalled = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+		stream = new TimeoutInputStream(new SettableClock(time), in,
+				TIMEOUT_MS, stream -> listenerCalled.set(true));
+		readReturned = new CountDownLatch(1);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testTimeoutIsReportedIfReadDoesNotReturn() throws Exception {
+		startReading();
+		try {
+			// The stream should not report a timeout
+			assertFalse(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// Time passes
+			time.set(now + TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+			// The stream still shouldn't report a timeout
+			assertFalse(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// Time passes
+			time.set(now + TIMEOUT_MS + 1);
+
+			// The stream should report a timeout
+			assertTrue(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// The listener should not have been called yet
+			assertFalse(listenerCalled.get());
+
+			// Close the stream
+			stream.close();
+
+			// The listener should have been called
+			assertTrue(listenerCalled.get());
+		} finally {
+			// Allow the read to return
+			in.readFinished.countDown();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testTimeoutIsNotReportedIfReadReturns() throws Exception {
+		startReading();
+		try {
+			// The stream should not report a timeout
+			assertFalse(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// Time passes
+			time.set(now + TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+			// The stream still shouldn't report a timeout
+			assertFalse(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// Allow the read to finish and wait for it to return
+			in.readFinished.countDown();
+			readReturned.await(10, SECONDS);
+
+			// Time passes
+			time.set(now + TIMEOUT_MS + 1);
+
+			// The stream should not report a timeout as the read has returned
+			assertFalse(stream.hasTimedOut());
+
+			// The listener should not have been called yet
+			assertFalse(listenerCalled.get());
+
+			// Close the stream
+			stream.close();
+
+			// The listener should have been called
+			assertTrue(listenerCalled.get());
+		} finally {
+			// Allow the read to return in case an assertion was thrown
+			in.readFinished.countDown();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void startReading() throws Exception {
+		// Start a background thread to read from the unresponsive stream
+		new Thread(() -> {
+			try {
+				assertEquals(123, stream.read());
+				readReturned.countDown();
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+		}).start();
+		// Wait for the background thread to start reading
+		assertTrue(in.readStarted.await(10, SECONDS));
+	}
+
+	private class UnresponsiveInputStream extends InputStream {
+
+		private final CountDownLatch readStarted = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		private final CountDownLatch readFinished = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+		@Override
+		public int read() throws IOException {
+			readStarted.countDown();
+			try {
+				readFinished.await();
+				return 123;
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				throw new IOException(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/test/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/BluetoothConnectionLimiterImplTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
+
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexTransportConnection;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.event.CloseSyncConnectionsEvent;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.test.BrambleMockTestCase;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.test.SettableClock;
+import org.jmock.Expectations;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import static org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth.BluetoothConnectionLimiter.MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS;
+import static org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth.BluetoothConnectionLimiter.STABILITY_PERIOD_MS;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class BluetoothConnectionLimiterImplTest extends BrambleMockTestCase {
+
+	private final EventBus eventBus = context.mock(EventBus.class);
+
+	private final DuplexTransportConnection conn1 =
+			context.mock(DuplexTransportConnection.class, "conn1");
+	private final DuplexTransportConnection conn2 =
+			context.mock(DuplexTransportConnection.class, "conn2");
+	private final DuplexTransportConnection conn3 =
+			context.mock(DuplexTransportConnection.class, "conn3");
+
+	private final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+	private AtomicLong time;
+	private BluetoothConnectionLimiter limiter;
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+		time = new AtomicLong(now);
+		Clock clock = new SettableClock(time);
+		limiter = new BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl(eventBus, clock);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLimiterDoesNotAllowContactConnectionsDuringKeyAgreement() {
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		expectCloseSyncConnectionsEvent();
+		limiter.keyAgreementStarted();
+
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		limiter.keyAgreementEnded();
+
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLimiterAllowsAttemptToRaiseLimitAtStartup() {
+		// First outgoing connection is allowed - we're below the limit of 1
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn1, false));
+
+		// Second outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising
+		// the limit to 2
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn2, false));
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're above the limit of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLimiterAllowsThirdConnectionAfterFirstTwoAreClosed() {
+		// First outgoing connection is allowed - we're below the limit of 1
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn1, false));
+
+		// Second outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising
+		// the limit to 2
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn2, false));
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're above the limit of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Close the first connection
+		limiter.connectionClosed(conn1, false);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're at the limit of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Close the second connection
+		limiter.connectionClosed(conn2, false);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is allowed - we're below the limit of 1
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn3, false));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLimiterRaisesLimitWhenConnectionsAreStable() {
+		// First outgoing connection is allowed - we're below the limit of 1
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn1, false));
+
+		// Second outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising
+		// the limit to 2
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn2, false));
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're above the limit of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Time passes
+		time.set(now + STABILITY_PERIOD_MS);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is still not allowed - first two are now
+		// stable so limit is raised to 2, but we're already at the new limit
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Time passes
+		time.set(now + MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising
+		// the limit to 3
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn3, false));
+
+		// Fourth outgoing connection is not allowed - we're above the limit
+		// of 2
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLimiterIncreasesIntervalWhenConnectionFailsAboveLimit() {
+		// First outgoing connection is allowed - we're below the limit of 1
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn1, false));
+
+		// Time passes
+		time.set(now + 1);
+
+		// Second outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising
+		// the limit to 2
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn2, false));
+
+		// Time passes - the first connection is stable, the second isn't
+		time.set(now + STABILITY_PERIOD_MS);
+
+		// First connection fails. The second connection isn't stable yet, so
+		// the limiter considers this a failed attempt and doubles the interval
+		// between attempts
+		limiter.connectionClosed(conn1, true);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're still at the limit
+		// of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Time passes - nearly time for the second attempt
+		time.set(now + MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS * 2);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is not allowed - we're still at the limit
+		// of 1
+		assertFalse(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+
+		// Time passes - now it's time for the second attempt
+		time.set(now + 1 + MIN_ATTEMPT_INTERVAL_MS * 2);
+
+		// Third outgoing connection is allowed - it's time to try raising the
+		// limit to 2 again
+		assertTrue(limiter.canOpenContactConnection());
+		assertTrue(limiter.contactConnectionOpened(conn3, false));
+	}
+
+	private void expectCloseSyncConnectionsEvent() {
+		context.checking(new Expectations() {{
+			oneOf(eventBus).broadcast(with(any(
+					CloseSyncConnectionsEvent.class)));
+		}});
+	}
+}

bramble-core/src/test/java/org/briarproject/bramble/sync/SimplexOutgoingSessionTest.java

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.contact.ContactId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.db.DatabaseComponent;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.db.Transaction;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Ack;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.GroupId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.Message;
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ import static org.briarproject.bramble.api.sync.SyncConstants.MAX_MESSAGE_IDS;
 import static org.briarproject.bramble.test.TestUtils.getContactId;
 import static org.briarproject.bramble.test.TestUtils.getMessage;
 import static org.briarproject.bramble.test.TestUtils.getRandomId;
+import static org.briarproject.bramble.test.TestUtils.getTransportId;
 
 public class SimplexOutgoingSessionTest extends BrambleMockTestCase {
 
@@ -36,14 +38,15 @@ public class SimplexOutgoingSessionTest extends BrambleMockTestCase {
 
 	private final Executor dbExecutor = new ImmediateExecutor();
 	private final ContactId contactId = getContactId();
+	private final TransportId transportId = getTransportId();
 	private final Message message = getMessage(new GroupId(getRandomId()));
 	private final MessageId messageId = message.getId();
 
 	@Test
 	public void testNothingToSend() throws Exception {
 		SimplexOutgoingSession session = new SimplexOutgoingSession(db,
-				dbExecutor, eventBus, contactId, MAX_LATENCY, streamWriter,
-				recordWriter);
+				dbExecutor, eventBus, contactId, transportId, MAX_LATENCY,
+				streamWriter, recordWriter);
 		Transaction noAckTxn = new Transaction(null, false);
 		Transaction noMsgTxn = new Transaction(null, false);
 
@@ -76,8 +79,8 @@ public class SimplexOutgoingSessionTest extends BrambleMockTestCase {
 	public void testSomethingToSend() throws Exception {
 		Ack ack = new Ack(singletonList(messageId));
 		SimplexOutgoingSession session = new SimplexOutgoingSession(db,
-				dbExecutor, eventBus, contactId, MAX_LATENCY, streamWriter,
-				recordWriter);
+				dbExecutor, eventBus, contactId, transportId, MAX_LATENCY,
+				streamWriter, recordWriter);
 		Transaction ackTxn = new Transaction(null, false);
 		Transaction noAckTxn = new Transaction(null, false);
 		Transaction msgTxn = new Transaction(null, false);

bramble-java/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/DesktopPluginModule.java

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin;
 
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.IoExecutor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.ShutdownManager;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.PluginConfig;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexPluginFactory;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.simplex.SimplexPluginFactory;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.reliability.ReliabilityLayerFactory;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth.JavaBluetoothPluginFactory;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.modem.ModemPluginFactory;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.tcp.LanTcpPluginFactory;
@@ -31,10 +33,11 @@ public class DesktopPluginModule extends PluginModule {
 	PluginConfig getPluginConfig(@IoExecutor Executor ioExecutor,
 			SecureRandom random, BackoffFactory backoffFactory,
 			ReliabilityLayerFactory reliabilityFactory,
-			ShutdownManager shutdownManager, EventBus eventBus) {
-		DuplexPluginFactory bluetooth =
-				new JavaBluetoothPluginFactory(ioExecutor, random, eventBus,
-						backoffFactory);
+			ShutdownManager shutdownManager, EventBus eventBus, Clock clock,
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor) {
+		DuplexPluginFactory bluetooth = new JavaBluetoothPluginFactory(
+				ioExecutor, random, eventBus, clock, timeoutMonitor,
+				backoffFactory);
 		DuplexPluginFactory modem = new ModemPluginFactory(ioExecutor,
 				reliabilityFactory);
 		DuplexPluginFactory lan = new LanTcpPluginFactory(ioExecutor,

bramble-java/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/JavaBluetoothPlugin.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.MethodsNotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.ParametersNotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Backoff;
@@ -34,10 +35,11 @@ class JavaBluetoothPlugin extends BluetoothPlugin<StreamConnectionNotifier> {
 	private volatile LocalDevice localDevice = null;
 
 	JavaBluetoothPlugin(BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionManager,
-			Executor ioExecutor, SecureRandom secureRandom,
-			Backoff backoff, PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency) {
-		super(connectionManager, ioExecutor, secureRandom, backoff, callback,
-				maxLatency);
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, Executor ioExecutor,
+			SecureRandom secureRandom, Backoff backoff,
+			PluginCallback callback, int maxLatency, int maxIdleTime) {
+		super(connectionManager, timeoutMonitor, ioExecutor, secureRandom,
+				backoff, callback, maxLatency, maxIdleTime);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -119,7 +121,9 @@ class JavaBluetoothPlugin extends BluetoothPlugin<StreamConnectionNotifier> {
 		return "btspp://" + address + ":" + uuid + ";name=RFCOMM";
 	}
 
-	private DuplexTransportConnection wrapSocket(StreamConnection s) {
-		return new JavaBluetoothTransportConnection(this, connectionLimiter, s);
+	private DuplexTransportConnection wrapSocket(StreamConnection s)
+			throws IOException {
+		return new JavaBluetoothTransportConnection(this, connectionLimiter,
+				timeoutMonitor, s);
 	}
 }

bramble-java/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/JavaBluetoothPluginFactory.java

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Backoff;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.BackoffFactory;
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.PluginCallback;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.TransportId;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexPlugin;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.DuplexPluginFactory;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.system.Clock;
 
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
@@ -21,22 +23,27 @@ import static org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.BluetoothConstants.ID;
 public class JavaBluetoothPluginFactory implements DuplexPluginFactory {
 
 	private static final int MAX_LATENCY = 30 * 1000; // 30 seconds
+	private static final int MAX_IDLE_TIME = 30 * 1000; // 30 seconds
 	private static final int MIN_POLLING_INTERVAL = 60 * 1000; // 1 minute
 	private static final int MAX_POLLING_INTERVAL = 10 * 60 * 1000; // 10 mins
 	private static final double BACKOFF_BASE = 1.2;
 
 	private final Executor ioExecutor;
 	private final SecureRandom secureRandom;
-	private final BackoffFactory backoffFactory;
 	private final EventBus eventBus;
+	private final Clock clock;
+	private final TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor;
+	private final BackoffFactory backoffFactory;
 
 	public JavaBluetoothPluginFactory(Executor ioExecutor,
-			SecureRandom secureRandom, EventBus eventBus,
-			BackoffFactory backoffFactory) {
+			SecureRandom secureRandom, EventBus eventBus, Clock clock,
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor, BackoffFactory backoffFactory) {
 		this.ioExecutor = ioExecutor;
 		this.secureRandom = secureRandom;
-		this.backoffFactory = backoffFactory;
 		this.eventBus = eventBus;
+		this.clock = clock;
+		this.timeoutMonitor = timeoutMonitor;
+		this.backoffFactory = backoffFactory;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -52,11 +59,12 @@ public class JavaBluetoothPluginFactory implements DuplexPluginFactory {
 	@Override
 	public DuplexPlugin createPlugin(PluginCallback callback) {
 		BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter =
-				new BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl();
+				new BluetoothConnectionLimiterImpl(eventBus, clock);
 		Backoff backoff = backoffFactory.createBackoff(MIN_POLLING_INTERVAL,
 				MAX_POLLING_INTERVAL, BACKOFF_BASE);
 		JavaBluetoothPlugin plugin = new JavaBluetoothPlugin(connectionLimiter,
-				ioExecutor, secureRandom, backoff, callback, MAX_LATENCY);
+				timeoutMonitor, ioExecutor, secureRandom, backoff, callback,
+				MAX_LATENCY, MAX_IDLE_TIME);
 		eventBus.addListener(plugin);
 		return plugin;
 	}

bramble-java/src/main/java/org/briarproject/bramble/plugin/bluetooth/JavaBluetoothTransportConnection.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package org.briarproject.bramble.plugin.bluetooth;
 
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.nullsafety.NotNullByDefault;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.Plugin;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.plugin.duplex.AbstractDuplexTransportConnection;
@@ -14,20 +15,24 @@ import javax.microedition.io.StreamConnection;
 class JavaBluetoothTransportConnection
 		extends AbstractDuplexTransportConnection {
 
-	private final BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionManager;
+	private final BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter;
 	private final StreamConnection stream;
+	private final InputStream in;
 
 	JavaBluetoothTransportConnection(Plugin plugin,
-			BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionManager,
-			StreamConnection stream) {
+			BluetoothConnectionLimiter connectionLimiter,
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor,
+			StreamConnection stream) throws IOException {
 		super(plugin);
+		this.connectionLimiter = connectionLimiter;
 		this.stream = stream;
-		this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
+		in = timeoutMonitor.createTimeoutInputStream(
+				stream.openInputStream(), plugin.getMaxIdleTime() * 2);
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
-		return stream.openInputStream();
+	protected InputStream getInputStream() {
+		return in;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class JavaBluetoothTransportConnection
 		try {
 			stream.close();
 		} finally {
-			connectionManager.connectionClosed(this);
+			connectionLimiter.connectionClosed(this, exception);
 		}
 	}
 }

briar-android/src/main/java/org/briarproject/briar/android/AppModule.java

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import org.briarproject.bramble.api.crypto.KeyStrengthener;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.crypto.PublicKey;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.db.DatabaseConfig;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.event.EventBus;
+import org.briarproject.bramble.api.io.TimeoutMonitor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.IoExecutor;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.lifecycle.LifecycleManager;
 import org.briarproject.bramble.api.network.NetworkManager;
@@ -122,11 +123,12 @@ public class AppModule {
 			LocationUtils locationUtils, EventBus eventBus,
 			ResourceProvider resourceProvider,
 			CircumventionProvider circumventionProvider,
-			BatteryManager batteryManager, Clock clock) {
+			BatteryManager batteryManager, Clock clock,
+			TimeoutMonitor timeoutMonitor) {
 		Context appContext = app.getApplicationContext();
-		DuplexPluginFactory bluetooth =
-				new AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory(ioExecutor, androidExecutor,
-						appContext, random, eventBus, clock, backoffFactory);
+		DuplexPluginFactory bluetooth = new AndroidBluetoothPluginFactory(
+				ioExecutor, androidExecutor, appContext, random, eventBus,
+				clock, timeoutMonitor, backoffFactory);
 		DuplexPluginFactory tor = new AndroidTorPluginFactory(ioExecutor,
 				scheduler, appContext, networkManager, locationUtils, eventBus,
 				torSocketFactory, backoffFactory, resourceProvider,